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Aloeresin B also modulates melanogenesis via competitive inhibition of tyrosinase, thus showing promise as a pigmentation-altering agent for cosmetic or therapeutic applications. Aloeresin A and B both reduce the oedematous response induced by croton oil in the mouse ear by 40%. Aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and aloin A, all isolated from Aloe ferox leaf extract, have significant antibacterial activity in vitro. Anthraquinone containing laxatives such as aloe may play a role in colorectal cancer as they have genotoxic potential, and tumorigenic potential in rodents. Possible side effects of aloin include congestion and irritation of the pelvic organs. Aloin should be administered preferably in combination with an antispasmodic to moderate its griping action. In 2002 the United States Food and Drug Administration withdrew the ‘generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE)’ status for over-the-counter drugs based on aloe exudates. Contra-indications include pregnancy, breastfeeding, intestinal inflammations and haemorrhoids. Anthraquinone laxatives should not be used for longer than 8–10 days, or by children younger than 12 years. Although some observations indicate that in diarrhoea induced by aloin, increased water content might be more important than stimulated peristalsis, the side effects of prolonged use point to a griping effect on the colon. The compound responsible for the laxative properties is aloin, which itself is inactive as a laxative, but is activated to aloe-emodin anthrone, by Eubacterium sp. ‘Cape aloe’ drugs should contain at least 18% hydroxy-anthraquinone derivatives, not more than 12% moisture and 2% ash, and a water-soluble fraction of at least 45%.

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Aloe ferox also contains free or glycosylated feroxidin (a tetralin) and feralolide (a dihydroisocoumarin). aloesone, furoaloesone, aloeresin A, aloeresin B (aloesin) and aloeresin C). Furthermore, the exudate contains the pyrone derivative aloenin and free and glucosylated 2-acetonyl-7-hydroxy- 5-methylchromones (e.g. Aloin is a mixture of the stereoisomers aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin). The exudate of Aloe ferox contains 15–40% anthrone 10-C-glucosides (anthraquinone derivatives) such as aloin and hydroxyaloins.

Most gel is bought by the cosmetic industry, which demands high quality. Production of Aloe ferox gel has been hampered by lack of processing facilities in South Africa. Exports are destined for Europe, Asia and North America, with the main importing countries being the United States, Japan and Germany. Total legal harvest is approximately 400 t/year, although an additional 300 t is presumed to go undocumented. Though considerable quantities of ‘Cape aloe’ are marketed and used locally, most of the exudate produced in South Africa is exported. In South Africa Aloe ferox is planted as a live fence. The leaf ash is used as an insect repellent. Dry leaves are harvested and crushed, after which a decoction is used to make a herbal tea. The gel, leaf powder and drinks are produced in South Africa for both domestic and international markets.

The gel has been used in South Africa to make a jam that tastes like watermelon jam it is also gaining importance as a refreshing and nutritive ingredient in food and drinks. An infusion of crushed leaves in water is given to cattle to treat jaundice and redwater and to expel worms. Aloe gel is also widely used as a hydrating and skin-protecting agent in creams and liquids such as sun lotion, shaving cream, lip balm and healing ointments. It is furthermore used as a hair wash to promote hair growth and against dandruff and as a cosmetic to improve the complexion and to smooth the skin.

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and is used to treat skin afflictions (burns, wounds, abrasions, irritations), and is applied as a poultice on contusions or as a general refrigerant. The gel from the core of the leaves has a similar use as the gel from the leaves of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. In southern Africa the thickened, red leaf exudate, called ‘Cape aloe’, is used as a purgative in human and veterinary medicine and fresh exudate is applied in cases of ophthalmia and syphilis. Although not treated or mentioned in regional floras, its occurrence in several countries of tropical Africa is probable. From the Dutch East India Company’s garden in the Cape it was distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, where it is grown as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Family: Asphodelaceae Chromosome number: 2n = 14 SynonymsĪloe ferox is indigenous in South Africa.

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